When physicists learned that everything seemed to be made of combinations of protons, neutrons and electrons they realised that the classical theories of physics were completely unable to explain how just three ingredients could make elements with such widely differing properties. What was worse, the classical theories predicted that the electrons would be pulled into the centre of the atoms by the much heavier protons, so the theories weren't just inadequate they were wrong.
Quantum theory came about when physicists tried to make sense of certain properties of atoms. But before we get into that, we need to talk about a new idea- waves.
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